Indicación de amigdalectomía en pacientes pediátricos por sospecha de trastorno linfoproliferativo postrasplante / Indication for tonsillectomy in pediatric patients with suspected post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder

Un sitio común de hiperplasia linfoidea en los trastornos linfoproliferativos postrasplante (TLPT) son las amígdalas palatinas. Sin embargo, la hipertrofia amigdalina es extremadamente común en niños, lo que dificulta la sospecha de estos trastornos. Se realizó un estudio de una serie de casos de pacientes trasplantados intervenidos de amigdalectomía por sospecha de TLPT en un hospital pediátrico de alta complejidad en Argentina desde enero de 2014 hasta diciembre de 2021. El objetivo de este trabajo es exponer las características clínicas de los pacientes trasplantados a los que se les indicó amigdalectomía con fin diagnóstico de TLPT.

A common site of lymphoid hyperplasia in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) is the palatine tonsils. However, tonsillar hypertrophy is extremely common in children, which hinders the suspicion of PTLD. A case series of transplanted patients undergoing tonsillectomy for suspected PTLD was conducted at a tertiary care children's hospital in Argentina between January 2014 and December 2021. The objective of this study is to expose the clinical characteristics of transplanted patients who underwent a tonsillectomy to diagnose PTLD

Cross-cultural adaptation of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory - child/adolescent to Spanish version. Analysis of its application in children.

BACKGROUND: The Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) is a questionnaire to assess self-perception of disability produced by the effects of vestibular system disorders. It is a tool used by professionals who treat patients with balance disorders, although it is not widely used in children. The aim of this study is to carry out a cross-cultural and linguistic adaptation of the DHI children/adolescent in the Argentine population from a version already published in Portuguese and to evaluate it in a group of patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-cultural adaptation was carried out, maintaining semantic, conceptual, content, technical and criteria equivalence; and it was verified that the new Argentinian version of the DHI for children and adolescents maintains the reliability of the original questionnaire. According to Beaton's recommendations, the questionnaire was translated from Portuguese to Spanish (Argentine) by 2 different translators and a back-translation to the original language by 2 other translators. Since this questionnaire is directed at a paediatric population, some terms were adapted to be understood by children from 4 years old. A psychopedagogue and a psychologist joined the team to delve more deeply into the questions that focus on the emotional or psychological aspects of the symptom. RESULTS: No difficulties were found in obtaining equivalent expressions from the original questionnaire to Spanish (Argentine). The internal consistency of this cross-culturally adapted questionnaire was like those already published in other languages. Most paediatric patients do not have disabilities in the areas studied. The patients with the highest total scores presented vestibular migraine as a diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: This questionnaire will be culturally and linguistically adapted for use in the Argentine population. The emphasis was placed on terms and expressions that could be understood by the paediatric population.

Adaptación transcultural en versión de lengua española del cuestionario Dizziness Handicap Inventory en la población pediátrica. Análisis de su aplicación en niños / Cross-cultural adaptation of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory – child/adolescent to Spanish version. Analysis of its application in children

Antecedentes: El Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) es un cuestionario para evaluar la autopercepción de la discapacidad producida por los efectos de las alteraciones del sistema vestibular.Es una herramienta muy utilizada por los profesionales que tratan pacientes con trastornos del equilibrio, aunque su aplicación en la edad pediátrica no se encuentra ampliamente difundida.El objetivo de esta publicación es realizar la adaptación transcultural y lingüística del DHI pediátrico en la población de Argentina a partir de una versión ya publicada en portugués, y evaluarlo en un grupo de pacientes.Materiales y métodosSe realizó una adaptación transcultural manteniendo una equivalencia semántica, conceptual, de contenido, técnica y de criterio; así como la verificación de que la nueva versión argentina del DHI pediátrico mantiene la fiabilidad del cuestionario original. Según las recomendaciones de Beaton et al., se realizó la traducción del cuestionario del portugués al español (argentino) por 2 traductores diferentes y una retrotraducción al idioma original por otros 2 traductores. Por tratarse de población pediátrica a quienes está dirigido este cuestionario, se adaptaron algunos términos para ser comprendidos por niños desde los 4 años. Se sumó al equipo una licenciada en psicopedagogía y una licenciada en psicología, con experiencia en trabajo escolar en población infantil para profundizar en las preguntas que se enfocan hacia lo emocional o psicológico del síntoma.ResultadosNo se encontraron dificultades para conseguir expresiones equivalentes del cuestionario original al español (argentino). La consistencia interna y fiabilidad de este cuestionario adaptado transculturalmente fue semejante a aquellos ya publicados en otros idiomas. En su mayoría los pacientes pediátricos no presentaron discapacidad en las áreas estudiadas. Los pacientes con puntajes totales más elevados presentaron como diagnóstico clínico: migraña vestibular. (AU)

Background: The Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) is a questionnaire to assess self-perception of disability produced by the effects of vestibular system disorders.It is a tool used by professionals who treat patients with balance disorders, although it is not widely used in children.The aim of this study is to carry out a cross-cultural and linguistic adaptation of the DHI children/adolescent in the Argentine population from a version already published in Portuguese and to evaluate it in a group of patients.Materials and methodsA cross-cultural adaptation was carried out, maintaining semantic, conceptual, content, technical and criteria equivalence; and it was verified that the new Argentinian version of the DHI for children and adolescents maintains the reliability of the original questionnaire. According to Beaton's et al. recommendations, the questionnaire was translated from Portuguese to Spanish (Argentine) by 2 different translators and a back-translation to the original language by 2 other translators. Since this questionnaire is directed at a paediatric population, some terms were adapted to be understood by children from 4 years old. A psychopedagogue and a psychologist joined the team to delve more deeply into the questions that focus on the emotional or psychological aspects of the symptom.ResultsNo difficulties were found in obtaining equivalent expressions from the original questionnaire to Spanish (Argentine). The internal consistency of this cross-culturally adapted questionnaire was like those already published in other languages. Most paediatric patients do not have disabilities in the areas studied. The patients with the highest total scores presented vestibular migraine as a diagnosis. (AU)

Indication for tonsillectomy in pediatric patients with suspected post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. / Indicación de amigdalectomía en pacientes pediátricos por sospecha de trastorno linfoproliferativo postrasplante.

A common site of lymphoid hyperplasia in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) is the palatine tonsils. However, tonsillar hypertrophy is extremely common in children, which hinders the suspicion of PTLD. A case series of transplanted patients undergoing tonsillectomy for suspected PTLD was conducted at a tertiary care children's hospital in Argentina between January 2014 and December 2021. The objective of this study is to expose the clinical characteristics of transplanted patients who underwent a tonsillectomy to diagnose PTLD.

Un sitio común de hiperplasia linfoidea en los trastornos linfoproliferativos postrasplante (TLPT) son las amígdalas palatinas. Sin embargo, la hipertrofia amigdalina es extremadamente común en niños, lo que dificulta la sospecha de estos trastornos. Se realizó un estudio de una serie de casos de pacientes trasplantados intervenidos de amigdalectomía por sospecha de TLPT en un hospital pediátrico de alta complejidad en Argentina desde enero de 2014 hasta diciembre de 2021. El objetivo de este trabajo es exponer las características clínicas de los pacientes trasplantados a los que se les indicó amigdalectomía con fin diagnóstico de TLPT.

Series de Pediatría Garrahan. El niño con problemas de la vía aérea superior / Garrahan Pediatrics Series. The child with upper airway problems

Las enfermedades de la vía aérea superior en la infancia constituyen la causa más frecuente de consulta al pediatra y abarcan una diversidad de trastornos cuyo abordaje preciso y oportuno es fundamental. En este nuevo volumen de las Series de Pediatría Garrahan: El niño con problemas de la vía aérea superior se han reunido pediatras con amplia experiencia en el área ambulatoria del Hospital y prestigiosos especialistas en otorrinolaringología pediátrica para resumir y actualizar las claves en el manejo integral de esta problemática. Entre sus características se destacan: El estudio detallado de las patologías clínicas más frecuentes, como otitis media aguda, rinosinusitis, estridor, tos crónica, hipoacusia y faringoamigdalitis, y de las indicaciones de amigdalectomía o adenoidectomía. El abordaje, a través de casos clínicos y de manera dinámica, con la secuencia de presentación clínica, los estudios de diagnósticos, el tratamiento y la evolución de los niños con estas patologías y sus complicaciones. El cierre de cada capítulo con un recordatorio de puntos clave y lecturas recomendadas y, además, material complementario como videos o descripción de procedimientos disponibles en el sitio web. Comparte y transmite una modalidad de trabajo propia del hospital, con base en el rol central del pediatra como coordinador de la atención interdisciplinaria en el marco de su tarea cotidiana junto a los niños y sus familias. Una obra actualizada y práctica que aporta información científica y experiencia de los profesionales de una institución de prestigio. Este tomo y las Series de Pediatría, en su conjunto, serán de gran utilidad para todos aquellos miembros del equipo de salud que atienden y cuidan niños, dondequiera que trabajen al servicio de la salud infantil.

Evolución en la técnica quirúrgica endoscópica para la cirugía del fibroangioma. Nuestra experiencia / Evolution in endoscopic surgical technique for fibroangioma surgery. Our experience / Evolução em cirurgia endoscópica cirurgia técnica fibroangioma. A nossa experiência

El fibroangioma nasofaríngeo juvenil es una neoplasia vascular benigna poco frecuente, que afecta exclusivamente al sexo masculino. Para su tratamiento la cirugía es la alternativa más aceptada. Existen diversas técnicas quirúrgicas para su resolución. En la actualidad la cirugía endoscópica permite resolver prácticamente todos los estadios del fibroangioma. En 5 años nuestro servicio realizó 53 cirugías de fibroangioma, siendo progresiva la incorporación del endoscopio, que primeramente se utilizó para las recidivas, y paulatinamente se logró realizar abordajes completos con esta técnica. Es importante tener en cuenta que la curva de aprendizaje es fundamental para lograr dichos avances quirúrgicos.

The juvenile nasopharyngeal fibroangioma is arare benign vascular tumor that affects only males.Treatment for surgery is the most accepted alternative.There are several surgical techniques for resolution.Currently endoscopic surgery can solve allstages of the nasopharyngeal fibroangioma. In 5 years our service performed 53 surgeries ofnasopharyngeal fibroangioma, being progressivethe incorporation of the endoscope, which wasfirst used for recurrence, and gradually managed tomake complete approaches to this technique.It is important to note that the learning curve is criticalto obtaining these surgical advances.

O fibroangioma nasofaríngeo juvenil é um tumor vascular benigno raro que afeta apenas os machos.O tratamento para a cirurgia é a alternativa mais amplamente aceito. Existem várias técnicas cirúrgicas para resolução. Atualmente a cirurgia endoscópica pode resolver praticamente todos os estágios de fibroangioma.Em5anosonosso fibroangiomaserviçorealizado53 cirurgias, sendo incorporação progressiva do endoscópio, que é usado pela primeira vez para a recaídas e, gradualmente, conseguiu fazer abordagens abrangentes para esta técnica. É importante notar que a curva de aprendizagem é fundamental para alcançar esses avanços cirúrgicos.

Balance disorders in childhood: Main etiologies according to age. Usefulness of the video head impulse test.

UNLABELLED: Balance disorders are common in adult patients but less usual in the pediatric population. When this symptomatology appears in children it is a cause for concern, both for parents and health-care professionals. OBJECTIVES: To explain the balance disorders in children describing a case series and to discuss the main etiologies found according to age. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective, observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was conducted. POPULATION: Patients aged 1-18 years who consulted because of balance disorders at the otolaryngology department of a pediatric tertiary-care hospital between March 2012 and July 2015. RESULTS: Two hundred and six patients were included in the study. Median age was 10 years. The most common diagnoses were vestibular migraine in 21.8% of the children, ataxia in 9.22%, benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood in 7.77%, and post-traumatic vertigo in 6.31%.Overall, 61 videonystagmographies- of which 46 were normal - and 55 video head impulse tests - which were normal in 45 and showed abnormalities in the vestibulo-ocular reflex gain in 10 - were performed. CONCLUSIONS: In a child with balance disorders, the medical history and neurotological examination are essential. Vestibular migraine is the most commonly found disorder in every age group, and most of the patients have a family history of migraine. Ancillary studies, especially the video head-impulse test, provide important data to confirm the diagnosis.

Macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from Argentinian pediatric patients suffering from acute otitis media / Macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from Argentinian pediatric patients suffering from acute otitis media.

Macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae emerged in Argentina in 1995, representing 26

of invasive infection isolates in children under 5 years old. The objectives of this study were to describe the prevalence of ermB and mefA genes in macrolide-resistant S. pneumoniae isolates from acute otitis media (AOM) and to determine their genetic relatedness. Between May 2009 and August 2010, 126 S. pneumoniae isolates from 324 otherwise healthy children with a first episode of AOM were included. Twenty six of these isolates (20.6

) were resistant to erythromycin. Most frequent serotypes were: 14 (46.2

) and 9V (7.7

) carried the mefA gene, 5 (19.2

) have the ermB gene, and 1 (3.9

) both ermB + mefA. Ten clonal types were identified, mostly related to Sweden(15A)-25/ST782 (SLV63), CloneB(6A)/ST473 and England(14)-9/ ST9. This is the first study assessing the mechanisms of macrolide resistance in pneumococci isolates from pediatric AOM in Argentina and their genetic relatedness.

Serotype distribution of pneumococci isolated from pediatric patients with acute otitis media and invasive infections, and potential coverage of pneumococcal conjugated vaccines.

A 16-month prospective, descriptive study was conducted on pneumococcal serotype distribution isolated from children with acute otitis media (AOM) and invasive infections (INV). Eighty-nine children with pneumococcal INV and 324 with a first episode of AOM were included. Bacterial pathogens (N = 326) were isolated from the middle-ear fluid of 250 patients. A total of 30 pneumococcal serotypes were identified. Prevalent serotypes were 14, 19A, 9V, 3, 19F, 6A, 23F, and 18C in AOM and 14, 1, 19A, 5, 12F, 6B, and 18C in INV. Potential coverage with PCV10 vaccine would be 46.5 % and 60.7 % for pneumococci involved in AOM and INV, respectively; it would be 71.7 % and 73 % with PCV13. PCV10, conjugated with a Haemophilus protein, would have an immunologic coverage of 39.9 % for AOM vs. 18.5 % with PCV13. However, differences in the prevention of INV were crucial for the decision to include the 13-valent vaccine in the national calendar for children less than two years old in Argentina.

Acute otitis media in infants younger than three months not vaccinated against Streptococcus pneumoniae.

UNLABELLED: The true incidence of acute otitis media (AOM) in neonates and infants younger than three months is unknown. In this population organisms causing AOM may disseminate leading to bacteremia, sepsis, and meningitis [1]. OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical presentation, associated severe infections, bacteriologic etiology, and antibiotic resistance patterns of organisms isolated from the middle ear of infants younger than three months that were not vaccinated against Streptococcus pneumoniae. METHODS: Otomicroscopy was performed in all children to confirm the suspected diagnosis of AOM. When purulent effusion retained in the middle ear was diagnosed, tympanocentesis and culture of middle-ear fluid was performed by conventional methods. Serotyping was done using the Quellung technique. RESULTS: From May 2, 2009 to February 28, 2010, 52 infants met the inclusion criteria. Thirty-six were male (69.2%) and 16 were female (30.8%). From these 52 patients, 76 samples were obtained for culture. Bilateral acute suppurative otitis media was diagnosed in 24 (46.2%) infants. Of all infants, 18 (34.6%) had been treated with antibiotics before tympanocentesis. Eight patients (44.4%) had negative middle-ear fluid cultures. Sixty bacterial pathogens were isolated from the middle-ear fluid of 43 patients. Mixed infections were recorded in 14/52 patients (26.9%). Nine cultures were negative (17.3%), of which eight were from patients that had previously been treated with antibiotics. S. pneumoniae was isolated from middle-ear aspirates of 26/52 (50%) patients with acute suppurative otitis media. Twenty-two out of the 26 isolates were susceptible (84.7%) and four were intermediately susceptible to penicillin (15.3%). Streptococcus pyogenes was isolated in 3/52 (5.8%) and Haemophilus influenzae in 18/52 patients (34.6%). Five (27.8%) of these were beta-lactamase producers. Blood cultures, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine cultures were negative. Parenteral antimicrobial treatment was indicated in 29/52 (56%). CONCLUSIONS: S. pneumoniae is the most frequent pathogen to cause AOM in this age group. Empirical treatment with amoxicillin or ceftriaxone should be considered depending on clinical suspicion of severe invasive infection.

Serotype distribution of pneumococci isolated from pediatric patients with acute otitis media and invasive infections, and potential coverage of pneumococcal conjugated vaccines / Distribución de serotipos de neumococos aislados de pacientes pediátricos con otitis media aguda e infecciones invasivas y su cobertura potencial a través de vacunas conjugadas

A 16-month prospective, descriptive study was conducted on pneumococcal serotype distribution isolated from children with acute otitis media (AÜM) and invasive infections (INV). Eighty-nine children with pneumococcal INV and 324 with a first episode of AOM were included. Bacterial pathogens (N = 326) were isolated from the middle-ear fluid of 250 patients. A total of 30 pneumococcal serotypes were identified. Prevalent serotypes were 14, 19A, 9V, 3, 19F, 6A, 23F, and 18C in AOM and 14, 1, 19A, 5, 12F, 6B, and 18C in INV. Potential coverage with PCV10 vaccine would be 46.5 % and 60.7 % for pneumococci involved in AOM and INV, respectively; it would be 71.7 % and 73 % with PCV13. PCV10, conjugated with a Haemophilus protein, would have an immunologic coverage of 39.9 % for AOM vs. 18.5 % with PCV13. However, differences in the prevention of INV were crucial for the decision to include the 13-valent vaccine in the national calendar for children less than two years old in Argentina.

Se realizó un estudio prospectivo descriptivo sobre la distribución de serotipos de neumococos aislados de niños con otitis media aguda (OMA) y con infecciones invasivas (INV) en un período de 16 meses. Se incluyeron 89 niños con INV neumocócicas y 324 con un primer episodio de OMA. Trescientos cuarenta y seis patógenos se aislaron de las secreciones de oído medio obtenidas de 250 pacientes. Se identificaron 30 serotipos y los más prevalentes fueron el 14, 19A, 9V, 3, 19F, 6A, 23F y 18C en OMA y el 14, 1, 19A, 5, 12F, 6B y 18C en INV. La cobertura potencial con la vacuna PCV10 sería de 46,5 % y 60,7 % para neumococos involucrados en OMA y en INV, respectivamente; con la PCV13, esta sería de 71,7 % y 73 %. La PCV10 conjugada con una proteína de Haemophilus tendría una cobertura inmunológica del 39,9 % para OMA, contra una cobertura del 18,5 % de la PCV13. Sin embargo, las diferencias en la prevención de INV fueron determinantes a la hora de considerar incorporarla al calendario nacional de vacunación para niños menores de 2 años en la Argentina.

Serotype distribution of pneumococci isolated from pediatric patients with acute otitis media and invasive infections, and potential coverage of pneumococcal conjugated vaccines / Distribución de serotipos de neumococos aislados de pacientes pediátricos con otitis media aguda e infecciones invasivas y su cobertura potencial a través de vacunas conjugadas

A 16-month prospective, descriptive study was conducted on pneumococcal serotype distribution isolated from children with acute otitis media (AÜM) and invasive infections (INV). Eighty-nine children with pneumococcal INV and 324 with a first episode of AOM were included. Bacterial pathogens (N = 326) were isolated from the middle-ear fluid of 250 patients. A total of 30 pneumococcal serotypes were identified. Prevalent serotypes were 14, 19A, 9V, 3, 19F, 6A, 23F, and 18C in AOM and 14, 1, 19A, 5, 12F, 6B, and 18C in INV. Potential coverage with PCV10 vaccine would be 46.5 % and 60.7 % for pneumococci involved in AOM and INV, respectively; it would be 71.7 % and 73 % with PCV13. PCV10, conjugated with a Haemophilus protein, would have an immunologic coverage of 39.9 % for AOM vs. 18.5 % with PCV13. However, differences in the prevention of INV were crucial for the decision to include the 13-valent vaccine in the national calendar for children less than two years old in Argentina.(AU)

Se realizó un estudio prospectivo descriptivo sobre la distribución de serotipos de neumococos aislados de niños con otitis media aguda (OMA) y con infecciones invasivas (INV) en un período de 16 meses. Se incluyeron 89 niños con INV neumocócicas y 324 con un primer episodio de OMA. Trescientos cuarenta y seis patógenos se aislaron de las secreciones de oído medio obtenidas de 250 pacientes. Se identificaron 30 serotipos y los más prevalentes fueron el 14, 19A, 9V, 3, 19F, 6A, 23F y 18C en OMA y el 14, 1, 19A, 5, 12F, 6B y 18C en INV. La cobertura potencial con la vacuna PCV10 sería de 46,5 % y 60,7 % para neumococos involucrados en OMA y en INV, respectivamente; con la PCV13, esta sería de 71,7 % y 73 %. La PCV10 conjugada con una proteína de Haemophilus tendría una cobertura inmunológica del 39,9 % para OMA, contra una cobertura del 18,5 % de la PCV13. Sin embargo, las diferencias en la prevención de INV fueron determinantes a la hora de considerar incorporarla al calendario nacional de vacunación para niños menores de 2 años en la Argentina.(AU)

Otitis media aguda: prevalencia de otopatógenos en pacientes de un hospital público / Acute otitis media: prevalence of ear pathogens in patients at a public hospital

Introducción y objetivo: La otitis media aguda (OMA) es una de las afecciones más frecuentes en la infancia y es la causa más común de prescripción de antibióticos en pediatría. El método indicado para identificar el germen responsable en OMA es la obtención de material del oído medio para cultivo mediante timpanocentesis. El objetivo de este estudio es describir la prevalencia de gérmenes causantes de OMA en pacientes eutróficos de 1 a 120 meses, que consultaron en un hospital público pediátrico. Método: Se incluyeron pacientes eutróficos con OMA con retención de contenido purulento en oído medio y OMA supurada con drenaje insuficiente de exudado que consultaron al Servicio de Otorrinolaringología de un hospital pediátrico desde mayo del 2009 hasta agosto del 2010. Resultados: Se incluyeron en el estudio 324 pacientes de los cuales 180 (55,6%) eran varones. Mediana de edad: 8 meses (rango intercuartílico: 4-15 meses). OMA bilateral se registró en 109/324 (33,6%) pacientes (se obtuvieron 433 muestras para cultivo).Al momento del diagnóstico 37% (120/324) de los niños recibían antibioticoterapia. De estos, el 59% (71/120) presentaron desarrollo bacteriano en los cultivos. La antibioticoterapia era adecuada en el 71,8% de los casos; en el 28,2% restante no se cubría el espectro del germen aislado. Conclusión: Los microorganismos más frecuentemente aislados fueron Streptococcus pneumoniae (39,5%), Haemophilus influenzae (37,4%), Moraxella catarrhalis (6,1%) y Streptococcus pyogenes (3,0%) (AU)

Background and objective: Acute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most common diseases in childhood and is the most common cause of antibiotic prescriptions in children. The gold standard for identifying the pathogens causing AOM is tympanocentesis. This is only possible in the stage of AOM when exudate is retained in the middle ear. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of organisms causing AOM in eutrophic patients at a public paediatric hospital. Material and methods: We included all patients with AOM diagnosed by otomicroscopy with purulent exudate retained in middle ear and suppurative AOM with inadequate drainage consulting at the Otorhinolaryngology Department in a paediatric tertiary care centre from 2 May 2009 to 31 August 2010. Results: There were 324 patients included in the study, with 180/324 (55.6%) being male. The median age was 8 months (interquartile range: 4 to 15 months). Bilateral AOM was recorded in 109/324 (33.6%) patients (433 samples for culture were obtained by tympanocentesis in 324 patients). At diagnosis, 37% (120/324) of the children had been receiving antimicrobial treatment. Of the patients who had received antibiotics, 71/120 (59.1%) had bacterial growth in middle ear fluid (MEF) cultures, with 51/71 (71.8%) being susceptible to the antibiotic they received; 20/71 (28.2%) patients were receiving an antibiotic that did not cover the spectrum of organisms isolated. Conclusion: The pathogens most frequently isolated are Streptococcus pneumoniae (39.5%), Haemophilus influenzae (37.4%), Moraxella catarrhalis (6.1%) and Streptococcus pyogenes (3.0%) (AU)

Macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from Argentinian pediatric patients suffering from acute otitis media.

Macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae emerged in Argentina in 1995, representing 26% of invasive infection isolates in children under 5 years old. The objectives of this study were to describe the prevalence of ermB and mefA genes in macrolide-resistant S. pneumoniae isolates from acute otitis media (AOM) and to determine their genetic relatedness. Between May 2009 and August 2010, 126 S. pneumoniae isolates from 324 otherwise healthy children with a first episode of AOM were included. Twenty six of these isolates (20.6%) were resistant to erythromycin. Most frequent serotypes were: 14 (46.2%), 6A (23.1%), 19F (7.7%) and 9V (7.7%). Twenty (76.9%) carried the mefA gene, 5 (19.2%) have the ermB gene, and 1 (3.9%) both ermB + mefA. Ten clonal types were identified, mostly related to Sweden(15A)-25/ST782 (SLV63), CloneB(6A)/ST473 and England(14)-9/ ST9. This is the first study assessing the mechanisms of macrolide resistance in pneumococci isolates from pediatric AOM in Argentina and their genetic relatedness.

[Acute otitis media: prevalence of ear pathogens in patients at a public hospital]. / Otitis media aguda: prevalencia de otopatógenos en pacientes de un hospital público.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Acute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most common diseases in childhood and is the most common cause of antibiotic prescriptions in children. The gold standard for identifying the pathogens causing AOM is tympanocentesis. This is only possible in the stage of AOM when exudate is retained in the middle ear. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of organisms causing AOM in eutrophic patients at a public paediatric hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We included all patients with AOM diagnosed by otomicroscopy with purulent exudate retained in middle ear and suppurative AOM with inadequate drainage consulting at the Otorhinolaryngology Department in a paediatric tertiary care centre from 2 May 2009 to 31 August 2010. RESULTS: There were 324 patients included in the study, with 180/324 (55.6%) being male. The median age was 8 months (interquartile range: 4 to 15 months). Bilateral AOM was recorded in 109/324 (33.6%) patients (433 samples for culture were obtained by tympanocentesis in 324 patients). At diagnosis, 37% (120/324) of the children had been receiving antimicrobial treatment. Of the patients who had received antibiotics, 71/120 (59.1%) had bacterial growth in middle ear fluid (MEF) cultures, with 51/71 (71.8%) being susceptible to the antibiotic they received; 20/71 (28.2%) patients were receiving an antibiotic that did not cover the spectrum of organisms isolated. CONCLUSION: The pathogens most frequently isolated are Streptococcus pneumoniae (39.5%), Haemophilus influenzae (37.4%), Moraxella catarrhalis (6.1%) and Streptococcus pyogenes (3.0%).

Serotype distribution of pneumococci isolated from pediatric patients with acute otitis media and invasive infections, and potential coverage of pneumococcal conjugated vaccines. / Serotype distribution of pneumococci isolated from pediatric patients with acute otitis media and invasive infections, and potential coverage of pneumococcal conjugated vaccines.

A 16-month prospective, descriptive study was conducted on pneumococcal serotype distribution isolated from children with acute otitis media (AOM) and invasive infections (INV). Eighty-nine children with pneumococcal INV and 324 with a first episode of AOM were included. Bacterial pathogens (N = 326) were isolated from the middle-ear fluid of 250 patients. A total of 30 pneumococcal serotypes were identified. Prevalent serotypes were 14, 19A, 9V, 3, 19F, 6A, 23F, and 18C in AOM and 14, 1, 19A, 5, 12F, 6B, and 18C in INV. Potential coverage with PCV10 vaccine would be 46.5

and 60.7

for pneumococci involved in AOM and INV, respectively; it would be 71.7

and 73

with PCV13. PCV10, conjugated with a Haemophilus protein, would have an immunologic coverage of 39.9

for AOM vs. 18.5

with PCV13. However, differences in the prevention of INV were crucial for the decision to include the 13-valent vaccine in the national calendar for children less than two years old in Argentina.

Macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from Argentinian pediatric patients suffering from acute otitis media. / Macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from Argentinian pediatric patients suffering from acute otitis media.

Macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae emerged in Argentina in 1995, representing 26

of invasive infection isolates in children under 5 years old. The objectives of this study were to describe the prevalence of ermB and mefA genes in macrolide-resistant S. pneumoniae isolates from acute otitis media (AOM) and to determine their genetic relatedness. Between May 2009 and August 2010, 126 S. pneumoniae isolates from 324 otherwise healthy children with a first episode of AOM were included. Twenty six of these isolates (20.6

) were resistant to erythromycin. Most frequent serotypes were: 14 (46.2

), 6A (23.1

), 19F (7.7

) and 9V (7.7

). Twenty (76.9

) carried the mefA gene, 5 (19.2

) have the ermB gene, and 1 (3.9

) both ermB + mefA. Ten clonal types were identified, mostly related to Sweden(15A)-25/ST782 (SLV63), CloneB(6A)/ST473 and England(14)-9/ ST9. This is the first study assessing the mechanisms of macrolide resistance in pneumococci isolates from pediatric AOM in Argentina and their genetic relatedness.

Diecisiete casos de complicaciones intratemporales de otitis media aguda en niños en dos años / Intratemporal complications from acute otitis media in children: 17 cases in two years

Introducción: Para describir las características clínicas de los niños con complicaciones intratemporales de otitis media aguda (OMA), se realizó un trabajo retrospectivo y descriptivo durante dos años. Métodos: Se consideró mastoiditis al eritema y edema retroauricular, protrusión del pabellón auricular y caída de la pared posterior del conducto auditivo externo; laberintitis, al vértigo con o sin náuseas, vómitos y nistagmus, y parálisis facial periférica, a la ausencia o disminución de la movilidad en hemicara. Previa otomicroscopía para diagnóstico de enfermedad otológica aguda coexistente, se tomó material para estudio bacteriológico de oído medio, de absceso subperióstico o de cavidad mastoidea. Resultados: Edad media: 54,23 meses; 30% menores de 12 meses; 12/17 masculinos y 5/17 femeninos; 8/17 recibían antibioticoterapia; 7/17 presentaban fiebre; 9/17 (52,9%) con mastoiditis aguda; 7/17 (41,2%) con laberintitis y 1/17 (5,9%) con parálisis facial periférica. El 17,6% presentó complicaciones endocraneales. Todos requirieron antibioticoterapia parenteral. Se realizó miringotomía en 16/17 (94,1%); drenaje de absceso subperióstico en 3/17 (17,6%) y antromastoidectomía en 2/17 (11,8%). La bacteriología fue positiva en 9/17, aislándose Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) en el 44% de los casos. Secuelas: una hipoacusia neurosensorial. Entre enero de 2008 y diciembre de 2009 fueron asistidos 17 pacientes con complicaciones intratemporales de OMA. Conclusión: La mastoiditis aguda es la complicación intratemporal más frecuente. S. pyogenes es prevalente en estas infecciones invasivas en nuestro medio. La resolución de la OMA complicada requiere procedimientos quirúrgicos en todos los casos (miringotomía, drenaje de absceso subperióstico o antromastoidectomía) y tratamiento antimicrobiano parenteral(AU)

Background: To describe the clinical features of intratemporal complications of acute otitis media (AOM) in children, a retrospective study was carried out for two years. Methods: We considered acute mastoiditis, presence of postauricular swelling, erythema and tenderness and anteroinferior displacement of the auricle; labyrinthitis, presence of vestibular symptoms (spontaneous nystagmus and ataxia with or without vomiting; and facial nerve palsy, absence or decreased motility in hemiface. All children underwent otomicroscopy for evidence of coexistent or recent AOM. Cultures were obtained by tympanocentesis and myringotomy, drainage of subperiosteal abscess or from granulation tissue during tympanomastoidectomy. Results: From January 2008 to December 2009, 17 patients fulfilled the entry criteria. Median age: 54.2 months. Of the 17 cases, 30% were infants younger than twelve months and most were boys (70.6%).8/17 were receiving antimicrobial treatment. Diagnoses included 9/17 (52.9%) acute mastoiditis, 7/17 (41.2%) labyrinthitis and 1/17 (5.9%) facial nerve palsy. Intracranial complications were present in 17.6%. All required intravenous antimicrobial treatment. Myringotomy was performed in 16/17, drainage of subperiosteal abscess in 3/17 and tympanomastoidectomy in 2/17. Bacteriology was positive in 9/17 cases, isolating Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) in 44% of patients. Secuelaes: One unilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Conclusions: Acute mastoiditis is the most common complication. Labyrinthitis was diagnosed in 41.2% of cases. S. pyogenes was prevalent in these serious invasive infections in our area. Associated intracranial complications were present in 17.6% cases. Resolution of AOM complications required surgical procedures in all cases (myringotomy, drainage of subperiosteal abscess or tympanomastoidectomy) (AU)

Intratemporal complications from acute otitis media in children: 17 cases in two years.

BACKGROUND: To describe the clinical features of intratemporal complications of acute otitis media (AOM) in children, a retrospective study was carried out for two years. METHODS: We considered acute mastoiditis, presence of postauricular swelling, erythema and tenderness and anteroinferior displacement of the auricle; labyrinthitis, presence of vestibular symptoms (spontaneous nystagmus and ataxia with or without vomiting; and facial nerve palsy, absence or decreased motility in hemiface. All children underwent otomicroscopy for evidence of coexistent or recent AOM. Cultures were obtained by tympanocentesis and myringotomy, drainage of subperiosteal abscess or from granulation tissue during tympanomastoidectomy. RESULTS: From January 2008 to December 2009, 17 patients fulfilled the entry criteria. Median age: 54.2 months. Of the 17 cases, 30% were infants younger than twelve months and most were boys (70.6%). 8/17 were receiving antimicrobial treatment. Diagnoses included 9/17 (52.9%) acute mastoiditis, 7/17 (41.2%) labyrinthitis and 1/17 (5.9%) facial nerve palsy. Intracranial complications were present in 17.6%. All required intravenous antimicrobial treatment. Myringotomy was performed in 16/17, drainage of subperiosteal abscess in 3/17 and tympanomastoidectomy in 2/17. Bacteriology was positive in 9/17 cases, isolating Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) in 44% of patients. Secuelaes: One unilateral sensorineural hearing loss. CONCLUSIONS: Acute mastoiditis is the most common complication. Labyrinthitis was diagnosed in 41.2% of cases. S. pyogenes was prevalent in these serious invasive infections in our area. Associated intracranial complications were present in 17.6% cases. Resolution of AOM complications required surgical procedures in all cases (myringotomy, drainage of subperiosteal abscess or tympanomastoidectomy).